Epidemiology of the Double Burden of Nutrition: Stunting and Obesity in a Regional Perspective of Indonesia based on Indonesian Family Life Survey Data

Abstract

Indonesia faces a dual nutrition challenge, with the prevalence of stunting and obesity increasing simultaneously. Childhood stunting is at risk of leading to obesity and non-communicable diseases later in life. This study used a cross-sectional design with secondary data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 1993 and 2014. The study sample consisted of individuals in 1993 who were 2-5 years old and then saw their development until the age of 23-26 years in 2014. Statistical analysis was conducted to see the frequency distribution of stunting nutritional status, obesity, and sociodemographic factors. In 1993, the prevalence of stunting was 44.9%, while in 2014 25.9% of respondents were obese. Factors contributing to stunting include low birth weight, low maternal education level, and suboptimal breastfeeding. Meanwhile, obesity in adulthood is influenced by a sedentary lifestyle, a high-energy diet, and genetic factors. This study epidemiologically confirms the incidence of stunting and obesity. Sustainable nutrition interventions and multisectoral policies are needed to prevent stunting, obesity, and the risk of non-communicable diseases in the future.